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Cart Abandonment Statistics 2026: Rates, Reasons and Checkout Data

The average documented online shopping cart abandonment rate is 70.22%, according to Baymard Institute, which averages 50 studies published from 2006 to 2025. Most of those studies are old. The 6 studies from 2021 to 2025 average 73.26%, calculated by StatisticsGlobal. Shop data from uptain put the rate at 72.32% in the second half of 2025.

Key statistics

Average cart abandonment rate

About 7 in 10 online shopping carts are left without an order. The exact figure depends on which studies you average and how old they are.

Baymard Institute's 70.22% is the most quoted cart abandonment figure. It is a simple average of 50 studies by other firms. We recomputed it from the list and got the same 70.22%, so it is not weighted by sample size.

The headline leans on old data. 42 of the 50 studies date from before 2020. The 11 studies from 2006 to 2010 average 64.23%. The 6 studies from 2021 to 2025 average 73.26%, three points above the headline. Single studies range from 55.00% to 84.27%, so any one number is a rough guide.

Newer shop data points the same way. uptain, which tracks about 3,000 online shops, saw abandonment rise from 71.41% in the first half of 2024 to 72.32% in the second half of 2025. That means only about 28 in 100 carts in its shops became orders. For the shopping peak, see our Black Friday statistics.

Cart abandonment rate by measure, per cent
  • Baymard studies 2006 to 2010 64.23%
  • Baymard all 50 studies 70.22%
  • Baymard studies 2021 to 2025 73.26%
  • uptain H1 2024 71.41%
  • uptain H1 2025 71.72%
  • uptain H2 2025 72.32%

Source: Baymard Institute and uptain. Period averages calculated by StatisticsGlobal.

  1. The average documented online shopping cart abandonment rate was 70.22% in 2025, across 50 studies, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  2. Studies from 2021 to 2025 put average cart abandonment at 73.26%, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from Baymard Institute data.

    Our analysis Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: Unweighted mean of the 6 studies dated 2021 to 2025 in Baymard's list: Uptain 2025 (71.72%), SaleCycle 2023 (79.53%), Fresh Relevance 2022 (68.70%), Kibo Commerce 2021 (79.30%), Fresh Relevance 2021 (59.22%), SaleCycle 2021 (81.08%). Sum 439.55 / 6 = 73.26%.

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  3. Studies from 2006 to 2010 put average cart abandonment at 64.23%, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from Baymard Institute data.

    Our analysis Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: Unweighted mean of the 11 studies dated 2006 to 2010 in Baymard's list of 50 (59.80, 61.36, 62.01, 63.19, 68.00, 71.00, 62.14, 69.38, 63.68, 55.00, 71.00). Sum 706.56 / 11 = 64.23%.

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  4. The median of the 50 cart abandonment studies Baymard Institute tracked to 2025 was 71.20%, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from Baymard Institute data.

    Our analysis Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: Median of the 50 study rates in Baymard's list: the 25th and 26th ranked values are 71.00% and 71.39%, mean 71.195%, rounded to 71.20%. Recomputing the unweighted mean of all 50 gives 70.22%, matching Baymard.

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  5. Cart abandonment rates in the 50 studies Baymard tracked from 2006 to 2025 ranged from 55.00% to 84.27%, a 29.27-point spread, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from Baymard Institute data.

    Our analysis Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: Highest rate in Baymard's list (SaleCycle 2020, 84.27%) minus lowest (Forrester Research 2010, 55.00%) = 29.27 percentage points.

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  6. 42 of the 50 studies behind the 70.22% cart abandonment average were published before 2020, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from Baymard Institute data in 2025.

    Our analysis Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: Count of studies dated 2006 to 2019 in Baymard's list (42) divided by all studies (50) = 84%.

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  7. Online shops using uptain had a cart abandonment rate of 72.32% in the second half of 2025, according to uptain.

    Vendor report Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

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  8. Online shops using uptain had a cart abandonment rate of 71.72% in the first half of 2025, according to uptain.

    Vendor report Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

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  9. Online shops using uptain had a cart abandonment rate of 71.41% in the first half of 2024, according to uptain.

    Vendor report Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

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  10. Cart abandonment in shops using uptain rose 0.91 points between the first half of 2024 and the second half of 2025, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from uptain data.

    Our analysis Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: 72.32% (H2 2025 report) - 71.41% (H1 2024 report) = +0.91 percentage points.

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  11. Only 27.68% of carts in online shops using uptain turned into orders in the second half of 2025, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from uptain data.

    Our analysis Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: 100% - 72.32% abandonment rate (H2 2025) = 27.68% of carts completed.

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  12. The uptain cart abandonment rate for the second half of 2025 was 2.10 points above the Baymard 50-study average, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from uptain and Baymard Institute data.

    Our analysis Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: 72.32% (uptain, H2 2025) - 70.22% (Baymard average of 50 studies, updated September 2025) = 2.10 percentage points. Different samples and methods.

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Cart abandonment rate by study period and source
MeasurePeriodStudies or sampleCart abandonment rate
Baymard Institute average, all studies2006 to 202550 studies70.22%
Median of the same 50 studies2006 to 202550 studies71.20%
Average of studies from 2021 to 20252021 to 20256 studies73.26%
Average of studies from 2006 to 20102006 to 201011 studies64.23%
uptain shop dataFirst half of 20241,500+ shops71.41%
uptain shop dataFirst half of 2025About 3,000 shops71.72%
uptain shop dataSecond half of 2025About 3,000 shops72.32%
Sources: Baymard Institute, Cart Abandonment Rate Statistics (updated September 2025); uptain semi-annual reports 2024 and 2025. Median and period averages calculated by StatisticsGlobal from the studies Baymard lists.

Reasons for cart abandonment

Many shoppers never meant to buy. Among those who did, surprise costs are the main reason they leave.

Baymard found that 42% of US shoppers who abandoned a cart were just browsing or not ready to buy. No checkout fix will win those orders. The reasons in the table come from the rest.

Cost is the biggest problem in both surveys. Baymard puts extra costs at 40%. Digital Commerce 360 puts unexpected shipping costs at 30.1% and missed free shipping at 26.6%. The 9.9-point gap partly reflects different questions. Baymard's option also covers tax and fees.

Digital Commerce 360 also shows how common the habit is. 91.6% of shoppers it surveyed had abandoned a cart. 30.1% did so to save the cart for later, which suggests many carts are a wish list rather than a lost sale.

Top reasons for checkout abandonment, US shoppers, 2025, per cent
  • Extra costs 40.00%
  • Slow delivery 20.00%
  • Card trust 19.00%
  • Forced account 18.00%
  • Long checkout 17.00%
  • Site errors 17.00%
  • Returns policy 13.00%
  • Total cost hidden 12.00%

Source: Baymard Institute.

  1. 42% of US online shoppers who abandoned a cart said they were just browsing or not ready to buy in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  2. Extra costs such as shipping, tax and fees were the top reason for checkout abandonment, cited by 40% of US shoppers in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  3. Slow delivery led 20% of US shoppers who abandoned a checkout to leave in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  4. Not trusting the site with card details led 19% of US shoppers who abandoned a checkout to leave in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  5. Being asked to create an account led 18% of US shoppers who abandoned a checkout to leave in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  6. A too long or complicated checkout led 17% of US shoppers who abandoned a checkout to leave in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  7. Website errors or crashes led 17% of US shoppers who abandoned a checkout to leave in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  8. An unsatisfactory returns policy led 13% of US shoppers who abandoned a checkout to leave in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  9. Not seeing the total order cost up front led 12% of US shoppers who abandoned a checkout to leave in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  10. A declined credit card led 10% of US shoppers who abandoned a checkout to leave in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  11. Too few payment methods led 9% of US shoppers who abandoned a checkout to leave in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  12. 91.6% of surveyed online shoppers said they had abandoned a cart in 2025, according to Digital Commerce 360.

    Research Source: Digital Commerce 360 Saved data copy Verified

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  13. 8.4% of surveyed online shoppers said they had never abandoned a cart in 2025, up from 5.3% in 2024, according to Digital Commerce 360.

    Research Source: Digital Commerce 360 Saved data copy Verified

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  14. The share of shoppers who had never abandoned a cart rose 3.1 points from 2024 to 2025, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from Digital Commerce 360 data.

    Our analysis Source: Digital Commerce 360 Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: 8.4% (2025) - 5.3% (2024) = 3.1 percentage points.

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  15. 30.1% of surveyed shoppers abandoned a cart because shipping made the total cost higher than expected in 2025, according to Digital Commerce 360.

    Research Source: Digital Commerce 360 Saved data copy Verified

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  16. 30.1% of surveyed shoppers abandoned a cart to save it for later in 2025, according to Digital Commerce 360.

    Research Source: Digital Commerce 360 Saved data copy Verified

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  17. 26.6% of surveyed shoppers abandoned a cart because the order did not qualify for free shipping in 2025, according to Digital Commerce 360.

    Research Source: Digital Commerce 360 Saved data copy Verified

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  18. 13.0% of surveyed shoppers abandoned a cart because the site gave no guaranteed or estimated delivery date in 2025, according to Digital Commerce 360.

    Research Source: Digital Commerce 360 Saved data copy Verified

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  19. 10.3% of surveyed shoppers abandoned a cart because the site did not accept gift cards in 2025, according to Digital Commerce 360.

    Research Source: Digital Commerce 360 Saved data copy Verified

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  20. 9.3% of surveyed shoppers abandoned a cart because the website loaded too slowly in 2025, according to Digital Commerce 360.

    Research Source: Digital Commerce 360 Saved data copy Verified

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  21. Baymard's 40% for extra costs was 9.9 points above Digital Commerce 360's 30.1% for unexpected shipping costs in 2025, calculated by StatisticsGlobal.

    Our analysis Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: 40% (Baymard, extra costs including shipping, tax and fees, US shoppers who abandoned a checkout, excluding browsers) - 30.1% (Digital Commerce 360, shipping made total cost higher than expected) = 9.9 points. Questions and bases differ.

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Reasons US shoppers gave for abandoning a checkout, excluding those just browsing, 2025
ReasonShare of shoppers
Extra costs too high (shipping, tax, fees)40%
Delivery was too slow20%
Did not trust the site with card details19%
Site wanted me to create an account18%
Checkout too long or complicated17%
Website had errors or crashed17%
Returns policy not satisfactory13%
Could not see total order cost up front12%
Credit card was declined10%
Not enough payment methods9%
Source: Baymard Institute, Cart Abandonment Rate Statistics (updated September 2025). US online shoppers; multiple answers allowed; sample size not shown on the page.

Cart abandonment by device

Phone shoppers abandon more carts than desktop shoppers. Free device data is scarce, so this section uses uptain's shop data.

In the first half of 2024, smartphone users in uptain's shops abandoned 74% of carts and computer users 67%. That is a 7-point gap. Small screens make long forms and card entry harder.

By the second half of 2025, uptain split phones by platform. iPhone carts were abandoned 73.08% of the time, Android 71.87% and tablet 70.43%. Desktop was below 70%, but uptain did not give the exact figure.

The day of the week matters too. Abandonment was 69.61% on Mondays and 72.77% on Saturdays, a 3.16-point gap. uptain's shops are its own clients, so treat these as one vendor's sample.

Cart abandonment rate by device, shops using uptain, second half of 2025, per cent
  • iPhone 73.08%
  • Android 71.87%
  • Tablet 70.43%

Source: uptain. Desktop below 70%, exact figure not published.

  1. iPhone users abandoned 73.08% of carts in online shops using uptain in the second half of 2025, according to uptain.

    Vendor report Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

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  2. Android users abandoned 71.87% of carts in online shops using uptain in the second half of 2025, according to uptain.

    Vendor report Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

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  3. Tablet users abandoned 70.43% of carts in online shops using uptain in the second half of 2025, according to uptain.

    Vendor report Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

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  4. iPhone carts were abandoned 2.65 points more often than tablet carts in shops using uptain in the second half of 2025, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from uptain data.

    Our analysis Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: 73.08% iPhone - 70.43% tablet = 2.65 percentage points.

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  5. Smartphone users abandoned 74% of carts in online shops using uptain in the first half of 2024, according to uptain.

    Vendor report Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

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  6. Computer users abandoned 67% of carts in online shops using uptain in the first half of 2024, according to uptain.

    Vendor report Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

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  7. Smartphone carts were abandoned 7 points more often than computer carts in shops using uptain in the first half of 2024, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from uptain data.

    Our analysis Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: 74% smartphone - 67% computer = 7 percentage points.

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  8. Cart abandonment in online shops using uptain was lowest on Mondays, at 69.61%, in the second half of 2025, according to uptain.

    Vendor report Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

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  9. Cart abandonment in online shops using uptain reached 72.77% on Saturdays in the second half of 2025, according to uptain.

    Vendor report Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

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  10. Saturday cart abandonment was 3.16 points higher than Monday in shops using uptain in the second half of 2025, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from uptain data.

    Our analysis Source: uptain Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: 72.77% Saturday - 69.61% Monday = 3.16 percentage points.

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Cart abandonment rate by device in shops using uptain
DeviceFirst half of 2024Second half of 2025
Smartphone (all)74%Not reported
iPhoneNot reported73.08%
AndroidNot reported71.87%
TabletNot reported70.43%
Computer (desktop)67%Below 70% (no exact figure)
Source: uptain semi-annual reports, first half of 2024 and second half of 2025. uptain changed its device groups between reports.

Checkout form fields and steps statistics

Checkouts are getting shorter, slowly. Most still ask for far more than they need.

The average checkout had 11.3 form fields in 2024, down 11% from 12.7 in 2019. The number of steps has barely changed since 2012 and stood at 5.1 in 2024.

Baymard says most sites need only 8 fields. Its list page puts the average US checkout at 14.88 default fields and 23.48 form elements, which include checkboxes and drop-downs. The two pages use different counts and site samples, so the 14.88 and 11.3 figures are not directly comparable. Cutting 14.88 fields to 8 would remove 46% of them.

Across 344 top-grossing US and EU sites, 65% had mediocre or worse checkout performance and only 2% were rated good. The average site had 32 checkout improvements to make. Payment options matter as well, see our payment processor market share page.

Average checkout form fields, Baymard benchmark, 2019 to 2024
0 fields 5 fields 10 fields 15 fields 201920212024 fields 11.30 fields

Source: Baymard Institute.

  1. The average ecommerce checkout had 11.3 form fields in 2024, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  2. The average ecommerce checkout had 12.7 form fields in 2019, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  3. The average checkout had 11% fewer form fields in 2024 than in 2019, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from Baymard Institute data.

    Our analysis Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: (11.3 fields in 2024 - 12.7 fields in 2019) / 12.7 = -11.0%.

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  4. The average ecommerce checkout flow was 5.1 steps long in 2024, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  5. Most ecommerce sites need only 8 form fields in total for a checkout flow, according to Baymard Institute research published in 2024.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  6. The average US checkout showed 14.88 form fields by default in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  7. The average US checkout showed 23.48 form elements by default in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  8. The average US checkout showed 9.48 more form elements in 2025 than the 14 at the top of Baymard's ideal range, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from Baymard Institute data.

    Our analysis Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: 23.48 average default form elements minus 14, the upper end of the 12 to 14 elements Baymard says an ideal checkout needs = 9.48.

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  9. Cutting the average US checkout from 14.88 form fields to the 8 most sites need would remove 46% of fields, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from 2025 Baymard Institute data.

    Our analysis Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: (14.88 average US form fields, Baymard list page 2025 - 8 fields Baymard says most sites need, form fields article 2024) / 14.88 = 46.2%.

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  10. 65% of top-grossing US and EU ecommerce sites had mediocre or worse checkout performance in 2026, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  11. Only 2% of top-grossing US and EU ecommerce sites had a good checkout flow in 2026, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  12. The average top-grossing ecommerce site had 32 unique checkout improvements to make in 2026, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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Checkout length benchmarks from Baymard Institute
MeasureYearValue
Average form fields201912.7
Average form fields202111.8
Average form fields202411.3
Average checkout steps20245.1
Form fields most sites need20248
Average US checkout, default form fields202514.88
Average US checkout, default form elements202523.48
Source: Baymard Institute, form fields article (June 2024) and Cart Abandonment Rate Statistics (September 2025). The two pages count different things, see the body text.

How much revenue is lost to cart abandonment

No source measures lost revenue directly. The best public estimate is Baymard's figure for orders a better checkout could recover.

Baymard estimates that better checkout design could lift the average large site's conversion rate by 35.26%. Applied to $738 billion of US and EU ecommerce sales, it puts recoverable lost orders at about $260 billion. That is a model, not a count of abandoned carts.

Returns now shape the decision to buy. In the National Retail Federation and Happy Returns survey, 52% of US shoppers said they will not buy at all if they expect a difficult return. 57% would stop using a retailer after a return fee, up 17 points from 40% in 2024.

  1. Better checkout design could raise the average large ecommerce site's conversion rate by 35.26% in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  2. About $260 billion of lost orders in the US and EU were recoverable through better checkout design in 2025, according to Baymard Institute.

    Research Source: Baymard Institute Saved data copy Verified

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  3. 52% of US online shoppers said they will not buy at all if they expect a difficult return in 2025, according to the National Retail Federation and Happy Returns.

    Industry body Source: National Retail Federation and Happy Returns Saved data copy Verified

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  4. 57% of US online shoppers said they will not shop with a retailer after being charged for a return in 2025, according to the National Retail Federation and Happy Returns.

    Industry body Source: National Retail Federation and Happy Returns Saved data copy Verified

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  5. The share of US shoppers who would stop using a retailer after a return fee rose 17 points from 2024 to 2025, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from National Retail Federation data.

    Our analysis Source: National Retail Federation and Happy Returns Saved data copy Verified

    How we calculated it: 57% (2025) - 40% (2024), both from the 2025 Retail Returns Landscape by the National Retail Federation and Happy Returns = 17 percentage points.

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  6. 71% of US online shoppers said a poor returns experience makes them less likely to shop with that retailer again in 2025, according to the National Retail Federation and Happy Returns.

    Industry body Source: National Retail Federation and Happy Returns Saved data copy Verified

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Estimates of sales at risk from checkout and returns friction
MeasureScopeValue
Conversion lift from better checkout designLarge US and EU ecommerce sites35.26%
Lost orders recoverable through better checkoutUS and EU, on $738 billion of ecommerce sales$260 billion
Shoppers who will not buy if they expect a difficult returnUS online shoppers52%
Shoppers who stop using a retailer after a return fee, 2025US online shoppers57%
Shoppers who stop using a retailer after a return fee, 2024US online shoppers40%
Sources: Baymard Institute (2025); National Retail Federation and Happy Returns, 2025 Retail Returns Landscape. Change calculated by StatisticsGlobal.

How the sources measure cart abandonment

Baymard Institute does not measure abandonment itself. Its 70.22% is an unweighted average of 50 published studies by analytics and email vendors. Its checkout usability page gives a slightly different 70.19%, so the figure is updated on some pages before others. Its reasons come from its own US shopper survey, and the page does not give the sample size.

uptain measures abandonment directly in about 3,000 online shops that use its plugin. It counts any user who adds a product to the cart and does not buy. Its shops are its own clients, and its reports do not say which countries they are in. Its shop counts also differ between sections of the same report.

Digital Commerce 360 runs an annual shopper survey for its paid Ecommerce Conversion Report. The free article does not give the sample size or country. The National Retail Federation and Happy Returns surveyed 2,006 US consumers who had returned an online purchase, in August and September 2025.

Rates also differ by definition. Some studies divide orders by carts, others by sessions with an add-to-cart. Use one source's series when you compare periods. For related on-site metrics, see our personalization statistics.

Frequently asked questions

What is the average cart abandonment rate in 2026?

The average documented cart abandonment rate is 70.22%, according to Baymard Institute's average of 50 studies to 2025. Studies from 2021 to 2025 average 73.26%, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from Baymard Institute data.

Is cart abandonment getting worse?

Slightly, in recent data. Online shops using uptain had a cart abandonment rate of 72.32% in the second half of 2025, up 0.91 points from 71.41% in the first half of 2024, calculated by StatisticsGlobal from uptain data.

Why do shoppers abandon their carts?

Extra costs such as shipping, tax and fees were the top reason for checkout abandonment, cited by 40% of US shoppers in 2025, according to Baymard Institute. Slow delivery (20%) and not trusting the site with card details (19%) came next.

Is cart abandonment higher on mobile?

Yes. Smartphone users abandoned 74% of carts and computer users 67% in shops using uptain in the first half of 2024, according to uptain.

How many form fields should a checkout have?

Most ecommerce sites need only 8 form fields in total for a checkout flow, according to Baymard Institute. The average checkout had 11.3 form fields in 2024.

How much revenue is lost to cart abandonment?

About $260 billion of lost orders in the US and EU were recoverable through better checkout design in 2025, according to Baymard Institute. This is an estimate, not a measured total.

Sources

  1. Baymard Institute, Cart Abandonment Rate Statistics, 22 September 2025. Link · Saved data copy
  2. uptain, Focus Cart Abandonment: Second semi-annual report 2025, 19 January 2026. Link · Saved data copy
  3. uptain, Focus Cart Abandonment: First semi-annual report 2025, 4 August 2025. Link · Saved data copy
  4. uptain, Focus Cart Abandonment: Semi-annual report 2024, 27 August 2024. Link · Saved data copy
  5. Digital Commerce 360, Why people abandon shopping carts (2025 Ecommerce Conversion Report), 2 October 2025. Link · Saved data copy
  6. Baymard Institute, Checkout Optimization: 5 Ways to Minimize Form Fields in Checkout, 26 June 2024. Link · Saved data copy
  7. Baymard Institute, Checkout Usability research, undated page, accessed 25 October 2026. Link · Saved data copy
  8. National Retail Federation and Happy Returns, 2025 Retail Returns Landscape, October 2025. Link · Saved data copy

Changes to this page

  • : Page published with data to the second half of 2025.